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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection.
Approximately 80% of women and up to 90% of men become infected with HPV at some point in their lives. Most people infected with HPV are unaware of it, as the infection may sometimes be asymptomatic. Timely treatment can prevent complications associated with HPV.
What is HPV
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a group of very common and DNA-diverse viruses. To date, more than 190 types have been identified. When the level of certain strains increases significantly, HPV can cause various abnormalities in the cells of the skin and mucous membranes. Some types cause warts and papillomas, while others are presumed to increase the risk of developing cervical cancer, as well as cancers of the oral cavity, genital organs, and other epithelial tissues in the body.
The most dangerous strains are types 16, 18, 39, 45, 56, 59, 68, 73, and 82, which are characterized by a high degree of oncogenicity.
Symptoms
The virus most often affects the skin and mucous membranes, which may lead to the appearance of:
• Condylomas,
• Papillomas,
• Warts.
They are frequently localized on the genital organs. Other symptoms of HPV infection may include:
• Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse,
• Itching,
• Bleeding of the skin and mucous membranes,
• Grayish or reddish spots on the mucous membranes or genital organs,
• Conjunctivitis,
• Pain in the lower back and pelvic area,
• Swelling of the extremities.
Diagnosis
HPV is the only virus that does not penetrate into the bloodstream. Therefore, the diagnosis is performed as follows:
• Pap test (smear from the surface of the cervix and vaginal walls),
• Gynecological examination,
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HPV antibodies,
• PCR diagnostics (testing of saliva or genital secretions),
• Digene test (scraping from the vagina, urethra, or cervical canal) to determine the oncogenic potential of the strain,
• Colposcopy (examination of the cervix using a gynecological microscope — colposcope).
Treatment Methods
Complete eradication of the human papillomavirus is not possible; therefore, treatment aims to suppress its activity. Both pharmacological and procedural methods are used, such as:
• Prescription of immunomodulators, antiviral agents, and vitamins,
• Removal of condylomas via electrocoagulation, radio wave surgery, laser therapy, or cryodestruction.
The choice of treatment method depends on the individual clinical presentation of the patient.
Prevention
The main preventive measures against HPV include:
• Practicing safe and protected sex,
• Annual screening and testing for HPV,
• Vaccination, which is administered in childhood between the ages of 9 and 11.
Additional measures to maintain overall health:
• Regular physical activity (to strengthen the immune system),
• Adequate sleep,
• Balanced nutrition.
What is HPV
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a group of very common and DNA-diverse viruses. To date, more than 190 types have been identified. When the level of certain strains increases significantly, HPV can cause various abnormalities in the cells of the skin and mucous membranes. Some types cause warts and papillomas, while others are presumed to increase the risk of developing cervical cancer, as well as cancers of the oral cavity, genital organs, and other epithelial tissues in the body.
The most dangerous strains are types 16, 18, 39, 45, 56, 59, 68, 73, and 82, which are characterized by a high degree of oncogenicity.
Symptoms
The virus most often affects the skin and mucous membranes, which may lead to the appearance of:
• Condylomas,
• Papillomas,
• Warts.
They are frequently localized on the genital organs. Other symptoms of HPV infection may include:
• Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse,
• Itching,
• Bleeding of the skin and mucous membranes,
• Grayish or reddish spots on the mucous membranes or genital organs,
• Conjunctivitis,
• Pain in the lower back and pelvic area,
• Swelling of the extremities.
Diagnosis
HPV is the only virus that does not penetrate into the bloodstream. Therefore, the diagnosis is performed as follows:
• Pap test (smear from the surface of the cervix and vaginal walls),
• Gynecological examination,
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HPV antibodies,
• PCR diagnostics (testing of saliva or genital secretions),
• Digene test (scraping from the vagina, urethra, or cervical canal) to determine the oncogenic potential of the strain,
• Colposcopy (examination of the cervix using a gynecological microscope — colposcope).
Treatment Methods
Complete eradication of the human papillomavirus is not possible; therefore, treatment aims to suppress its activity. Both pharmacological and procedural methods are used, such as:
• Prescription of immunomodulators, antiviral agents, and vitamins,
• Removal of condylomas via electrocoagulation, radio wave surgery, laser therapy, or cryodestruction.
The choice of treatment method depends on the individual clinical presentation of the patient.
Prevention
The main preventive measures against HPV include:
• Practicing safe and protected sex,
• Annual screening and testing for HPV,
• Vaccination, which is administered in childhood between the ages of 9 and 11.
Additional measures to maintain overall health:
• Regular physical activity (to strengthen the immune system),
• Adequate sleep,
• Balanced nutrition.
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