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The brain is the main organ of the central nervous system, consisting of more than 35 billion cells.
The most common brain diseases include atherosclerosis, stroke, tumor, vascular aneurysm, and Alzheimer's disease. Statistically, up to 85% of people are predisposed to developing diseases related to cerebral blood supply. Such data are a consequence of the unhealthy lifestyle of modern man. The danger of brain diseases lies in their asymptomatic nature. That is, for a long time they do not make themselves known. That is why it is so important to "catch" the alarming signs in time or to slow down the progression of the diseases.
Facts about the Brain
There are 5 brain divisions that interact with each other through neural connections:
-Medulla Oblongata (or Bulb). Responsible for protective reflexes (sneezing, coughing, vomiting), alimentary reflexes (sucking, salivation, swallowing), and cardiovascular reflexes (regulation of heart and blood vessel function, as well as respiration and hearing).
-Hindbrain (Pons and Cerebellum). Responsible for facial expressions, chewing reflexes, balance, and muscle function.
-Midbrain. Responsible for muscle tone and skin pigmentation.
-Diencephalon (Interbrain). Regulates metabolism, cardiovascular activity, and sleep.
-Telencephalon (Cerebral Hemispheres/Forebrain). This is the higher center of psychic activity. Responsible for smell, hearing, vision, and movement.
The average mass of the brain is 1300-1400 grams. That is, despite having a mass of no more than 2% of the total body weight, it consumes a quarter of all energy.
The brain is 60% fat.
It does not have pain receptors. Therefore, when neurosurgeons perform operations, they administer local anesthesia only to the scalp.
Large doses of alcohol cause the brain to lose the ability to create memories. Therefore, when a person has a large dose of alcohol, they do not remember the events that occurred.
The brain often does not distinguish between actually doing something and vividly imagining it. If you visualize a dangerous and extreme situation, your pulse will immediately increase. This feature of our psyche has long been known to athletes. Many of them engage in visualization before competitions: they imagine all sorts of situations that may happen to them during the tournaments. Research results have proven that this method improves athletes' results because it prepares their muscles and body.
There is a phenomenon known as phantom limb pain. For example, when a person's leg is amputated, they still experience pain in it. This happens because nerve endings that are responsible for the perception of pain in that leg remain in the brain.
Symptoms of Brain Diseases
The general symptoms of brain diseases include:
-Frequent headache that does not subside even after taking medications.
-Memory impairment.
-Constant fatigue.
-Fainting (syncope).
-Convulsions (seizures).
-Fever (body temperature can reach 40 degrees Celsius).
-Weight loss, leading to emaciation.
Specific symptoms of Atherosclerosis:
Tinnitus (Ringing in the ears). It occurs when a cholesterol plaque has blocked blood flow in an artery by 60%.
Decreased erection (Erectile dysfunction). If a man under 50 experiences decreased erection, that patient has a much higher risk of dying from myocardial infarction than a similar man with normal erectile function.
Coldness in the extremities. The vessels become stiffer and blood flows less effectively through them.
Specific symptoms of Stroke:
Numbness of the face and extremities.
Double vision (Diplopia).
Difficulty moving (Mobility impairment).
Every third death in Russia is associated with this pathology.
Stroke types:
Ischemic Stroke. Associated with arterial occlusion, cessation of blood flow to the brain, and tissue necrosis. The cause is the blockage of blood vessels leading to the brain due to an atherosclerotic plaque. The second cause is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the heart when it is functioning irregularly (e.g., during arrhythmia). Consequently, the thrombus "travels" to the cerebral vessels, causing thrombosis.
Hemorrhagic Stroke. Associated with hemorrhage and the formation of a hematoma inside the skull. It occurs due to elevated arterial blood pressure (hypertension), when a small vessel inside the brain ruptures at its peak, and a hematoma appears.
There are signs of stroke, which, if recognized in time, can save a life. For easy memorization, they can be put together in the word "U.D.A.R." (Russian mnemonic):
U - Улыбка (Smile). If the person cannot smile, and one corner of their mouth is drooping.
D - Движение (Movement). The person cannot move both arms or legs simultaneously.
A - Артикуляция (Articulation). The person cannot clearly pronounce anything, even their own name.
R - Решение (Decision/Action). To save the person, they should be taken to the hospital and undergo the necessary examinations within 1-2 hours.
Specific symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease:
Avoidance of contact with people (Social withdrawal).
Spatial disorientation (Getting lost in space).
Reduced emotionality and interest in life.
Hallucinations.
Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia that occurs in the elderly. It is most often found in patients over the age of 65. Currently, it is incurable.
Specific symptoms of Brain Tumor:
Headache that persists for two weeks to a month.
Headache is accompanied by vomiting, hearing impairment, and coordination disorder.
Motor perseverations (inability to stop performing an action).
Progressive inattentiveness and forgetfulness.
Brain tumors are divided into benign, malignant, and metastases. In the case of a benign tumor, the disease develops gradually, slowly, and mildly over several years.
Types of Brain Tumors:
Intracerebral (Intraparenchymal). The most common and aggressive form is glioblastoma. It is almost impossible to defeat. The tumor grows through healthy tissues and is not amenable to localization.
Extracerebral (Meningeal/Skull Base). They grow on the skull base or on the surface of the skull.
Metastases are secondary brain tumors. Cells from the primary cancer penetrate the brain via the bloodstream and cause the growth of metastases.
Risk Factors
Brain diseases can be provoked by various causes related to lifestyle, as well as existing health problems.
Smoking. Nicotine and other substances contained in tobacco smoke rapidly provoke atherosclerosis and vascular aneurysm.
Low physical activity (Sedentary lifestyle). Physical culture improves brain plasticity - its ability to create new connections and transform itself. Consequently, if a person does not perform even minimal physical activity, their brain does not create new neural connections and destroys old ones faster.
Male sex. According to research, men are more likely to suffer from brain diseases because they lead a more unhealthy lifestyle.
High blood pressure (Hypertension). As a result of arterial pressure surges, the vessel wall may protrude at a weak spot (aneurysm).
Poor nutrition and obesity. If a woman's waist exceeds 88 cm, and a man's exceeds 102 cm, their diet should be adjusted. Obesity leads to insulin insensitivity (resistance) (cells lose susceptibility to the hormone, and the pancreas produces more than the norm).
Alcohol. The alcohol contained in alcoholic beverages is absorbed into the blood, enters the brain, and destroys its cortex.
High cholesterol (Hypercholesterolemia). Affects blood vessels, forming cholesterol plaques on their walls, which interfere with normal blood flow.
Stress. Recent studies have shown that stress impairs brain function due to the production of cortisol (the stress hormone).
Age. Many diseases are starting to appear earlier and manifest at a younger age than decades ago. For example, cholesterol plaques begin to form in the cerebral vessels by the age of 35, which can lead to atherosclerosis.
Genetics. If your close relatives developed brain diseases before the age of 50, you are in a high-risk zone.
Infections and inflammations. They affect the brain substance, disrupting the functioning of the immune system and the brain.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases
Every disease, of course, requires a specific treatment methodology. Therefore, if you notice the above-mentioned symptoms, you need to consult a neurologist. Self-medication is dangerous to life.
Diagnosis of brain diseases may include:
Complete Blood Count (CBC) and clinical blood test.
Urinalysis.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) with intravenous contrast enhancement.
CT (Computed Tomography) of the brain.
Echo-CT (Echocardiography / Ultrasound of the heart).
ECG (Electrocardiogram).
Ultrasound Dopplerography (an instrumental ultrasound method that allows clarification of the nature and speed of blood flow in arteries and veins).
Cerebral Angiography (X-ray that allows visualization of the brain's blood vessels).
Treatment of brain diseases can be medication-based (pharmacological), non-medication-based (adherence to certain rules by the patient), and surgical.
To reduce the risk of these diseases, one should adhere to simple but very important rules:
Undergo lab tests at least twice a year.
Lead a healthy lifestyle (physical activity and avoidance of alcohol and cigarettes).
Follow a diet (eat healthy, low-fat food).
Avoid stress.
Monitor your condition and do not ignore poor health.
In Expert Clinics, you can receive a high-quality and prompt diagnosis of your health status, as well as a step-by-step treatment plan. Thanks to close cooperation with doctors and professors from leading clinics in Europe, the USA, and Asia, we identify modern treatment options to ultimately choose the optimal solution. Our highly qualified doctors are constantly improving their professional skills, including abroad. They will approach your problem in a strictly individual and comprehensive manner. With Expert Clinics, you will find an effective solution in the shortest possible time.
Facts about the Brain
There are 5 brain divisions that interact with each other through neural connections:
-Medulla Oblongata (or Bulb). Responsible for protective reflexes (sneezing, coughing, vomiting), alimentary reflexes (sucking, salivation, swallowing), and cardiovascular reflexes (regulation of heart and blood vessel function, as well as respiration and hearing).
-Hindbrain (Pons and Cerebellum). Responsible for facial expressions, chewing reflexes, balance, and muscle function.
-Midbrain. Responsible for muscle tone and skin pigmentation.
-Diencephalon (Interbrain). Regulates metabolism, cardiovascular activity, and sleep.
-Telencephalon (Cerebral Hemispheres/Forebrain). This is the higher center of psychic activity. Responsible for smell, hearing, vision, and movement.
The average mass of the brain is 1300-1400 grams. That is, despite having a mass of no more than 2% of the total body weight, it consumes a quarter of all energy.
The brain is 60% fat.
It does not have pain receptors. Therefore, when neurosurgeons perform operations, they administer local anesthesia only to the scalp.
Large doses of alcohol cause the brain to lose the ability to create memories. Therefore, when a person has a large dose of alcohol, they do not remember the events that occurred.
The brain often does not distinguish between actually doing something and vividly imagining it. If you visualize a dangerous and extreme situation, your pulse will immediately increase. This feature of our psyche has long been known to athletes. Many of them engage in visualization before competitions: they imagine all sorts of situations that may happen to them during the tournaments. Research results have proven that this method improves athletes' results because it prepares their muscles and body.
There is a phenomenon known as phantom limb pain. For example, when a person's leg is amputated, they still experience pain in it. This happens because nerve endings that are responsible for the perception of pain in that leg remain in the brain.
Symptoms of Brain Diseases
The general symptoms of brain diseases include:
-Frequent headache that does not subside even after taking medications.
-Memory impairment.
-Constant fatigue.
-Fainting (syncope).
-Convulsions (seizures).
-Fever (body temperature can reach 40 degrees Celsius).
-Weight loss, leading to emaciation.
Specific symptoms of Atherosclerosis:
Tinnitus (Ringing in the ears). It occurs when a cholesterol plaque has blocked blood flow in an artery by 60%.
Decreased erection (Erectile dysfunction). If a man under 50 experiences decreased erection, that patient has a much higher risk of dying from myocardial infarction than a similar man with normal erectile function.
Coldness in the extremities. The vessels become stiffer and blood flows less effectively through them.
Specific symptoms of Stroke:
Numbness of the face and extremities.
Double vision (Diplopia).
Difficulty moving (Mobility impairment).
Every third death in Russia is associated with this pathology.
Stroke types:
Ischemic Stroke. Associated with arterial occlusion, cessation of blood flow to the brain, and tissue necrosis. The cause is the blockage of blood vessels leading to the brain due to an atherosclerotic plaque. The second cause is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the heart when it is functioning irregularly (e.g., during arrhythmia). Consequently, the thrombus "travels" to the cerebral vessels, causing thrombosis.
Hemorrhagic Stroke. Associated with hemorrhage and the formation of a hematoma inside the skull. It occurs due to elevated arterial blood pressure (hypertension), when a small vessel inside the brain ruptures at its peak, and a hematoma appears.
There are signs of stroke, which, if recognized in time, can save a life. For easy memorization, they can be put together in the word "U.D.A.R." (Russian mnemonic):
U - Улыбка (Smile). If the person cannot smile, and one corner of their mouth is drooping.
D - Движение (Movement). The person cannot move both arms or legs simultaneously.
A - Артикуляция (Articulation). The person cannot clearly pronounce anything, even their own name.
R - Решение (Decision/Action). To save the person, they should be taken to the hospital and undergo the necessary examinations within 1-2 hours.
Specific symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease:
Avoidance of contact with people (Social withdrawal).
Spatial disorientation (Getting lost in space).
Reduced emotionality and interest in life.
Hallucinations.
Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia that occurs in the elderly. It is most often found in patients over the age of 65. Currently, it is incurable.
Specific symptoms of Brain Tumor:
Headache that persists for two weeks to a month.
Headache is accompanied by vomiting, hearing impairment, and coordination disorder.
Motor perseverations (inability to stop performing an action).
Progressive inattentiveness and forgetfulness.
Brain tumors are divided into benign, malignant, and metastases. In the case of a benign tumor, the disease develops gradually, slowly, and mildly over several years.
Types of Brain Tumors:
Intracerebral (Intraparenchymal). The most common and aggressive form is glioblastoma. It is almost impossible to defeat. The tumor grows through healthy tissues and is not amenable to localization.
Extracerebral (Meningeal/Skull Base). They grow on the skull base or on the surface of the skull.
Metastases are secondary brain tumors. Cells from the primary cancer penetrate the brain via the bloodstream and cause the growth of metastases.
Risk Factors
Brain diseases can be provoked by various causes related to lifestyle, as well as existing health problems.
Smoking. Nicotine and other substances contained in tobacco smoke rapidly provoke atherosclerosis and vascular aneurysm.
Low physical activity (Sedentary lifestyle). Physical culture improves brain plasticity - its ability to create new connections and transform itself. Consequently, if a person does not perform even minimal physical activity, their brain does not create new neural connections and destroys old ones faster.
Male sex. According to research, men are more likely to suffer from brain diseases because they lead a more unhealthy lifestyle.
High blood pressure (Hypertension). As a result of arterial pressure surges, the vessel wall may protrude at a weak spot (aneurysm).
Poor nutrition and obesity. If a woman's waist exceeds 88 cm, and a man's exceeds 102 cm, their diet should be adjusted. Obesity leads to insulin insensitivity (resistance) (cells lose susceptibility to the hormone, and the pancreas produces more than the norm).
Alcohol. The alcohol contained in alcoholic beverages is absorbed into the blood, enters the brain, and destroys its cortex.
High cholesterol (Hypercholesterolemia). Affects blood vessels, forming cholesterol plaques on their walls, which interfere with normal blood flow.
Stress. Recent studies have shown that stress impairs brain function due to the production of cortisol (the stress hormone).
Age. Many diseases are starting to appear earlier and manifest at a younger age than decades ago. For example, cholesterol plaques begin to form in the cerebral vessels by the age of 35, which can lead to atherosclerosis.
Genetics. If your close relatives developed brain diseases before the age of 50, you are in a high-risk zone.
Infections and inflammations. They affect the brain substance, disrupting the functioning of the immune system and the brain.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases
Every disease, of course, requires a specific treatment methodology. Therefore, if you notice the above-mentioned symptoms, you need to consult a neurologist. Self-medication is dangerous to life.
Diagnosis of brain diseases may include:
Complete Blood Count (CBC) and clinical blood test.
Urinalysis.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) with intravenous contrast enhancement.
CT (Computed Tomography) of the brain.
Echo-CT (Echocardiography / Ultrasound of the heart).
ECG (Electrocardiogram).
Ultrasound Dopplerography (an instrumental ultrasound method that allows clarification of the nature and speed of blood flow in arteries and veins).
Cerebral Angiography (X-ray that allows visualization of the brain's blood vessels).
Treatment of brain diseases can be medication-based (pharmacological), non-medication-based (adherence to certain rules by the patient), and surgical.
To reduce the risk of these diseases, one should adhere to simple but very important rules:
Undergo lab tests at least twice a year.
Lead a healthy lifestyle (physical activity and avoidance of alcohol and cigarettes).
Follow a diet (eat healthy, low-fat food).
Avoid stress.
Monitor your condition and do not ignore poor health.
In Expert Clinics, you can receive a high-quality and prompt diagnosis of your health status, as well as a step-by-step treatment plan. Thanks to close cooperation with doctors and professors from leading clinics in Europe, the USA, and Asia, we identify modern treatment options to ultimately choose the optimal solution. Our highly qualified doctors are constantly improving their professional skills, including abroad. They will approach your problem in a strictly individual and comprehensive manner. With Expert Clinics, you will find an effective solution in the shortest possible time.
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admin@expertclinics.ru 
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