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During the climacteric, a woman may be troubled by a range of unpleasant symptoms that reduce her quality of life.
What is Menopause and Climacteric Syndrome?
Menopause is a natural biological process that occurs in women on average between the ages of 50 and 55. It is characterized by the cessation of reproductive function and the end of the menstrual cycle. This transitional period in a woman's life means that she can no longer become pregnant naturally.
In a biological sense, menopause occurs due to the depletion of the egg cell reserve in the ovaries. A woman's body is endowed with a finite number of these cells. Each month during ovulation, one egg cell is released from the ovary and travels to the uterus. If fertilization does not occur, the egg cell is reabsorbed, and menstruation takes place. As the supply of egg cells and ovaries shrinks, menstrual cycles become irregular and finally cease.
The symptoms that accompany a woman during menopause are called the Climacteric Syndrome. It includes vegetative-vascular, psychological, and metabolic-endocrine disturbances arising in women against the background of the extinction (or abrupt loss) of ovarian hormonal function and general aging of the body.
Symptoms
The climacteric is not a process that occurs all at once. It lasts for years and goes through three stages.
The first is Premenopause. It begins at age 40-45 and lasts until the last menstruation. During this period, a woman may notice the first symptoms: menstrual irregularity, a decrease in bloody discharge, unjustified changes in hormonal background, onset of vaginal dryness, anxiety, sleep problems, decreased libido, increased sweating (hyperhidrosis), difficulty conceiving, and weight gain.
The second stage is Menopause. It begins approximately at age 50-55. Most symptoms of menopause are associated with a deficiency of estrogens as the main hormones produced in the ovarian follicles. Therefore, the most frequent and earliest symptoms of menopause are: chills, hyperhidrosis, and hot flashes (flushes).
The lack of estrogens leads to significant changes in bone metabolism, a decrease in the levels of Vitamins C and D. These changes lead to a reduction in bone tissue strength and fractures even with minimal load on the skeleton. All structures of the urogenital tract are estrogen-dependent, so in response to the decrease in sex steroid levels, ischemia and atrophic changes develop in the mucous membrane of the vagina, vulva, urinary tract, connective tissue, and muscles of the lesser pelvis. This leads to: dryness, reduced mucus production, discomfort during sexual activity and sports, itching, frequent and painful urination. Sometimes even episodes of urinary incontinence are possible.
Also characteristic of menopause are: hot flashes, slight disorientation in space, increased perspiration, tachycardia, weepiness, frequent mood swings, and depression.
The third stage is Postmenopause. The average age is 55 years. During this period, the woman's ovaries completely cease their many years of function and can no longer serve for the inception of new life. The following symptoms may appear in postmenopause: increased hair loss on the head, rapid weight gain, ptosis of the pubic mound (mons pubis), decreased visual acuity, hyperprolactinemia, and hypercoagulation.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of menopause includes various methods that help determine the presence of this condition in a woman. Listed below are the main methods for diagnosing menopause:
• Assessment of complaints and symptoms: The doctor conducts a conversation with the woman to determine the presence of characteristic signs of menopause, such as "hot flashes," irregular menstrual cycles, night sweats, sleep disturbances, mood changes, etc.
• Hormone level analysis: Measuring the level of estrogen, progesterone, and FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) in the blood can help confirm the presence of menopause. Typically, the estrogen level in postmenopausal women is below 30 pg/mL (peak values can be up to 200-300 pg/mL).
• Radiological examination of bone tissue: Assessment of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) (osteodensitometry) allows for the detection of reduced bone density, which may be a sign of menopause.
• Ultrasound examination of the ovaries: This method allows for the assessment of ovarian structure and the determination of the presence or absence of follicles.
• Checking for other causes: Since some symptoms of menopause can be associated with various diseases, the doctor may also conduct additional examinations to exclude other causes, such as thyroid dysfunction or certain infections.
All these methods can be used to diagnose menopause. It is important to consult a doctor to receive an accurate diagnosis and develop a plan for correcting the woman's health, if necessary.
Treatment Methods
The treatment and relief of symptoms of climacteric syndrome can include three directions: non-pharmacological, pharmacological (medication), and hormonal.
Firstly, doctors prescribe non-pharmacological methods to the woman: therapeutic physical training (exercise therapy), phytotherapy (herbal medicine), physiotherapeutic procedures, sanatorium-resort treatment, nutrition normalization, and therapeutic diets.
Secondly, medication is prescribed: vitamin-mineral complexes, treatment of diseases accompanying menopause, phytopreparations, sedatives, and calming agents.
The third stage is hormone treatment. In classical medicine, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is prescribed to almost every patient, but numerous scientific studies in the field of anti-aging medicine have shown that such a method can sometimes lead to very sad consequences, including malignant neoplasms. Therefore, HRT must be prescribed strictly as needed, in small doses, and most importantly, personalized.
Why is HRT not always a panacea against the climacteric?
HRT can be an effective means of alleviating climacteric symptoms for many women. However, it is not a panacea and is not suitable for absolutely everyone.
Firstly, some women may have medical contraindications for HRT, such as certain types of cancer, heart problems, or hormonal disorders. In such cases, the use of HRT may be undesirable or even dangerous.
Secondly, HRT can cause side effects: headaches, nausea, breast swelling, weight gain, changes in appetite and mood.
Furthermore, HRT does not eliminate the cause of the climacteric, but only alleviates its course. This may mean that a woman, upon stopping HRT, will experience menopausal symptoms again.
Finally, HRT requires constant medical monitoring and regular examinations to assess the long-term risks and benefits of the therapy.
Overall, HRT can be an effective treatment for many women with climacteric syndrome, but it is not suitable for everyone and has its own limitations and risks. Therefore, the decision to use hormone therapy should be discussed with an experienced physician.
What is Menopause and Climacteric Syndrome?
Menopause is a natural biological process that occurs in women on average between the ages of 50 and 55. It is characterized by the cessation of reproductive function and the end of the menstrual cycle. This transitional period in a woman's life means that she can no longer become pregnant naturally.
In a biological sense, menopause occurs due to the depletion of the egg cell reserve in the ovaries. A woman's body is endowed with a finite number of these cells. Each month during ovulation, one egg cell is released from the ovary and travels to the uterus. If fertilization does not occur, the egg cell is reabsorbed, and menstruation takes place. As the supply of egg cells and ovaries shrinks, menstrual cycles become irregular and finally cease.
The symptoms that accompany a woman during menopause are called the Climacteric Syndrome. It includes vegetative-vascular, psychological, and metabolic-endocrine disturbances arising in women against the background of the extinction (or abrupt loss) of ovarian hormonal function and general aging of the body.
Symptoms
The climacteric is not a process that occurs all at once. It lasts for years and goes through three stages.
The first is Premenopause. It begins at age 40-45 and lasts until the last menstruation. During this period, a woman may notice the first symptoms: menstrual irregularity, a decrease in bloody discharge, unjustified changes in hormonal background, onset of vaginal dryness, anxiety, sleep problems, decreased libido, increased sweating (hyperhidrosis), difficulty conceiving, and weight gain.
The second stage is Menopause. It begins approximately at age 50-55. Most symptoms of menopause are associated with a deficiency of estrogens as the main hormones produced in the ovarian follicles. Therefore, the most frequent and earliest symptoms of menopause are: chills, hyperhidrosis, and hot flashes (flushes).
The lack of estrogens leads to significant changes in bone metabolism, a decrease in the levels of Vitamins C and D. These changes lead to a reduction in bone tissue strength and fractures even with minimal load on the skeleton. All structures of the urogenital tract are estrogen-dependent, so in response to the decrease in sex steroid levels, ischemia and atrophic changes develop in the mucous membrane of the vagina, vulva, urinary tract, connective tissue, and muscles of the lesser pelvis. This leads to: dryness, reduced mucus production, discomfort during sexual activity and sports, itching, frequent and painful urination. Sometimes even episodes of urinary incontinence are possible.
Also characteristic of menopause are: hot flashes, slight disorientation in space, increased perspiration, tachycardia, weepiness, frequent mood swings, and depression.
The third stage is Postmenopause. The average age is 55 years. During this period, the woman's ovaries completely cease their many years of function and can no longer serve for the inception of new life. The following symptoms may appear in postmenopause: increased hair loss on the head, rapid weight gain, ptosis of the pubic mound (mons pubis), decreased visual acuity, hyperprolactinemia, and hypercoagulation.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of menopause includes various methods that help determine the presence of this condition in a woman. Listed below are the main methods for diagnosing menopause:
• Assessment of complaints and symptoms: The doctor conducts a conversation with the woman to determine the presence of characteristic signs of menopause, such as "hot flashes," irregular menstrual cycles, night sweats, sleep disturbances, mood changes, etc.
• Hormone level analysis: Measuring the level of estrogen, progesterone, and FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) in the blood can help confirm the presence of menopause. Typically, the estrogen level in postmenopausal women is below 30 pg/mL (peak values can be up to 200-300 pg/mL).
• Radiological examination of bone tissue: Assessment of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) (osteodensitometry) allows for the detection of reduced bone density, which may be a sign of menopause.
• Ultrasound examination of the ovaries: This method allows for the assessment of ovarian structure and the determination of the presence or absence of follicles.
• Checking for other causes: Since some symptoms of menopause can be associated with various diseases, the doctor may also conduct additional examinations to exclude other causes, such as thyroid dysfunction or certain infections.
All these methods can be used to diagnose menopause. It is important to consult a doctor to receive an accurate diagnosis and develop a plan for correcting the woman's health, if necessary.
Treatment Methods
The treatment and relief of symptoms of climacteric syndrome can include three directions: non-pharmacological, pharmacological (medication), and hormonal.
Firstly, doctors prescribe non-pharmacological methods to the woman: therapeutic physical training (exercise therapy), phytotherapy (herbal medicine), physiotherapeutic procedures, sanatorium-resort treatment, nutrition normalization, and therapeutic diets.
Secondly, medication is prescribed: vitamin-mineral complexes, treatment of diseases accompanying menopause, phytopreparations, sedatives, and calming agents.
The third stage is hormone treatment. In classical medicine, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is prescribed to almost every patient, but numerous scientific studies in the field of anti-aging medicine have shown that such a method can sometimes lead to very sad consequences, including malignant neoplasms. Therefore, HRT must be prescribed strictly as needed, in small doses, and most importantly, personalized.
Why is HRT not always a panacea against the climacteric?
HRT can be an effective means of alleviating climacteric symptoms for many women. However, it is not a panacea and is not suitable for absolutely everyone.
Firstly, some women may have medical contraindications for HRT, such as certain types of cancer, heart problems, or hormonal disorders. In such cases, the use of HRT may be undesirable or even dangerous.
Secondly, HRT can cause side effects: headaches, nausea, breast swelling, weight gain, changes in appetite and mood.
Furthermore, HRT does not eliminate the cause of the climacteric, but only alleviates its course. This may mean that a woman, upon stopping HRT, will experience menopausal symptoms again.
Finally, HRT requires constant medical monitoring and regular examinations to assess the long-term risks and benefits of the therapy.
Overall, HRT can be an effective treatment for many women with climacteric syndrome, but it is not suitable for everyone and has its own limitations and risks. Therefore, the decision to use hormone therapy should be discussed with an experienced physician.
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